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From c. 1790 to c. 1860 the Scots and Scotch-Irish immigrants generally split their destinations between Canada and the new American republic. Figures are, unfortunately, inexact, but the majority probably sailed for Montreal and Ontario rather than Philadelphia or New York. Even so, a small but significant number found their way to the various "British colonies" established in Illinois, Iowa, Kansas, and elsewhere. When the American Civil War broke out in 1861, many a Confederate soldier bore a Scotch-Irish surname. On the other side, Chicago and New York each raised a Scottish-American regiment that fought for the Union. New York’s 79th, which modeled its uniforms after the famed Black Watch, remains the most celebrated of these Scots Union military contingents. In 1893 the city of Edinburgh erected a statue of President Abraham Lincoln in the Old Calton Hill Burial Ground, the first Lincoln statue outside the United States. In an impressive ceremony the provost of Edinburgh and the American consul dedicated the ground as a burial place for five Scots soldiers who had died fighting for the Northern cause.
By the middle of the nineteenth century a number of Scots had risen to prominence in American life. By the 1840s Aberdonian George Smith had become the most famous banker of the upper Midwest. Indeed, "George Smith’s money," as it was termed, often proved more sound than state or federal currency. When Smith died in 1899, he left a fortune that approached one hundred million dollars. Fellow Aberdonian Alexander Mitchell, once termed "the best known Scot in Milwaukee," also gained wealth as a banker and, later, served two terms in Congress. Clydeside emigré John Stewart Kennedy played a crucial role in financing the western railroad boom, especially the Northern Pacific line. A native of Glasgow, Allan Pinkerton rose to prominence during the Civil War as a purveyor of information (much of it wrong) to Abraham Lincoln; his name is still virtually synonymous with "detective agency." Other successes included Michael Donahoe, who established the largest foundry in Iowa, and Davis Nicholson and Dugald Crawford, who became prominent mercantile figures in St. Louis. In 1923 Robert Dollar from Falkirk inaugurated the first "round the world" passenger service. Undoubtedly, the most prominent nineteenth-century Scoto American was Andrew Carnegie, the son of a Dunfermline weaver who ended his career as "the richest man in the world."
Most Scots and Scotch-Irish immigrants, one may safely say, did not do quite that well. But nineteenth-century America had great need of miners, granite workers, cattlemen, maids, shepherds, bankers, farmers, and missionaries. Because of their history, the Scots possessed long experience with all those occupations. If the average Scots immigrant never quite equaled Carnegie’s success, neither did he or she appear with regularity on the nineteenth-century welfare rolls.
American historians did not pay much attention to these Scoto-American links until the late nineteenth century. Then, faced with the arrival of thousands of immigrants from southern and eastern Europe, people of Scots or Scotch-Irish descent began vigorously to champion the role that their ancestors had played in "creating the American republic." Second and third-generation historians wrote scores of books and articles with the contributions of the Scots or Scotch-Irish as their central theme. From the Philadelphia Centennial of 1876 forward, these filiopietistic studies appeared with regularity, bearing titles such as Presbyterians and the Revolution (1876); Scotch and Irish Seeds in American Soil (1879); The Scotch-Irish in America (1896); and The Scotch-Irish in America (1906).
Turn-of-the-century popular magazines often struck the same chord. In "The Sons of Old Scotland in America" (1906) Herbert N. Casson proudly listed the most prominent Scoto Americans of his day: California congressman James McLachlan; House speaker David Henderson; Buffalo, New York, mayor James N. Adam; New Hampshire governor John McLane; secretary of agriculture James Wilson; noted inventor Alexander Graham Bell; cleric George Gordon of Boston’s Old South Church; educators William Kaller and John Kennedy; naturalist John Muir; industrialist Andrew Carnegie; and so on. "A remarkable record and a remarkable race," he concluded.